Cancer Mtor

It may be remarked that cell is actually in a big way influenced by breast (i.e., mamma, or teat) cancer. Cancer is a condition for diseases in which abnormal (i.e., deviant) cells divide without control and can invade nearby tissues. Cancer cells can as well spread to other parts of the organic structure (i.e., structura) through the blood (i.e., haema) and lymph (i.e., lympha) systems. There are several main (i.e., hand) types of cancer. Carcinoma is a cancer that begins in the tegument (i.e., integument, or integument) or in tissues that line (i.e., linea) or screen internal (i.e., internus) organs. Sarcoma is a cancer that begins in bone (i.e., os), cartilage (i.e., cartilago, or chondrus), fat (i.e., adipose tissue), muscular tissue (i.e., flesh), blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue. Leukemia (i.e., leukocytic sarcoma) is a cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue such as the ivory marrow, and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the blood. Lymphoma and multiple myeloma (i.e., multiple myelomatosis, or myelomatosis multiplex) are cancers that set about in the cells of the immune system. Central nervous organisation cancers are cancers that begin in the tissues of the brain and spinal (i.e., rachial, or rachidial) cord (i.e., fasciculus, or funiculus). Likewise called malignancy. Breast cancer, cancer that forms in tissues of the bosom, usually the ducts (tubes that carry milk (i.e., strip, or lac) to the nipple (i.e., papilla mammae, or mammilla)) and lobules (glands that create milk). It occurs in both men and women, although male (i.e., masculine) person bosom cancer is rare. Breast, glandular (i.e., glandulous) organ located on the pectus (i.e., chest). The breast is made up of connective tissue (i.e., interstitial tissue, or supporting tissue), fatty tissue (i.e., adipose tissue), and breast tissue that contains the glands that can make milk. Likewise called mammary secreter. The significance of cancer for cells, and breast cells can not be more than stated.

With regard to cancer cells we are able to recognize the following typical information, observations, and also results:

It’s that, in a discovery that may be useful for maintaining remittal in chemo-resistant ovarian cancer, Yale scientists report that pre-clinical studies have shown the drug compound NV-128 can induce the death (i.e., mors) of ovarian cancer cells by halting the activation of a protein pathway called m.^[1] Ovarian, having to perform with the ovaries, the female person reproductive glands in which the ova (eggs) are formed. The ovaries are located in the renal (i.e., nephric) pelvis (i.e., pelvis renalis, or ureteric pelvis), one on each side of the uterus (i.e., metra, or womb). Clinical, having to do with the scrutiny and treatment of patients. Protein is a particle made up of amino acids. Proteins are needed for the organic structure to function decently. They are the base (i.e., basis, or basement) of body (i.e., corpus) structures, such as skin (i.e., cutis) and hair (i.e., pilus)’s-breadth, and of other substances such as enzymes, cytokines, and antibodies. Ovarian cancer, cancer that forms in tissues of the ovary (i.e., ovarium, or female gonad) (one of a couple of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed). Most ovarian cancers are either ovarian epithelial carcinomas (cancer that begins in the cells on the open of the ovary) or malignant germ cell (i.e., sex cell) tumors (cancer that begins in egg cells). Compound
is in science, a gist that is made up of more than one ingredient.
As an example, tOR activities–protein production and cell survival–which are good for malignant neoplastic disease cells, says Timothy Peterson, a Sabatini research assistant and first author on the Cell paper.^[2]
It appears to be that, the researchers found that non-small cell (i.e., oat cell) lung (i.e., pulmo) cancer cells with too many copies of the GOLPH3 cistron also had abnormally high levels of m.^[3] Lung, one of a pair of organs in the thorax that supplies the organic structure with oxygen, and removes carbon dioxide from the body. Small cell lung cancer is an aggressive (fast-growing) malignant neoplastic disease that forms in tissues of the lung and can spread to other parts of the body. The malignant neoplastic disease cells seem small and oval-shaped when looked at under a microscope. Non-small cell lung cancer is a grouping of lung malignant neoplastic diseases that are named for the kinds of cells found in the cancer and how the cells look under a microscope. The three main types of non-little cell lung cancer are squamous (i.e., scaly) cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and glandular carcinoma (i.e., adenocarcinoma). Non-little cell lung cancer is the most common kind of lung cancer. Lung cancer, cancer that forms in tissues of the lung, normally in the cells
lining air passages. The two main types are little cell lung cancer and
non-small cell lung cancer. These types are diagnosed based on how the cells
seem under a microscope.
One can identify, in cancer cells, Afinitor continuously targets m (minimum).^[5] Afinitor is a drug used with another drug to treat some postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer that is hormone-sensory receptor positive and HER2 negative. It is as well used to treat certain types of pancreatic cancer, a type of advanced kidney (i.e., ren, or nephros) cancer, and subependymal (i.e., subendymal) hulk cell astrocytoma in some patients, including children. Pancreatic, having to perform with the pancreas. Afinitor is being studied in the handling of other types of malignant neoplastic disease. It stops malignant neoplastic disease cells from dividing and may preclude the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. Blood is a tissue with redness blood cells, white (i.e., albicans) blood cells, platelets, and other substances suspended in fluid called plasma (i.e., blood plasma). Blood takes oxygen and nutrients to the tissues, and carries off wastes. Blood vessel is a tubing through which the blood circulates in the organic structure. Blood vessels include a mesh of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. It likewise lowers the body’s immune response. It is a type of kinase inhibitor, a type of angiogenesis (i.e., arteriogenesis) inhibitor, and a type of immunosuppressant (i.e., immunodepressant, or immunodepressor). Gene is the functional and physical building block (i.e., atrioventricular block) of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of Dna, and most genes contain the selective information for making a specific protein. Likewise called Afinitor Disperz, everolimus, and Rad001. RAD001 is a drug used with another drug to treat some postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer that is hormone-receptor positive and HER2 negative. It is also used to treat certain types of pancreatic cancer, a type of advanced kidney cancer, and subependymal giant cell astrocytoma in some patients, including children. RAD001 is being
studied in the treatment of other types of malignant neoplastic disease. It
stops cancer cells from dividing and may prevent the growth of new blood
vessels that tumors need to grow. It also lowers the body’s immune response.
It is a type of kinase inhibitor, a type of angiogenesis inhibitor, and a type
of immunosuppressant. Likewise called Afinitor, Afinitor Disperz, and
everolimus.
One can determine that, tOR inhibitor rapamycin downward-regulates the expression (i.e., facies) of the ubiquitin ligase subunit Skp2 in breast cancer cells.^[6] Rapamycin is a drug used to keep the body from rejecting organ and os bone marrow (i.e., medulla ossium) transplants. Rapamycin blocks certain white blood cells that can winnow out foreign tissues and organs. It also blocks a protein that is involved in cell variance. It is a type of antibiotic, a type of
immunosuppressant, and a type of serine/threonine kinase inhibitor. Rapamycin
is at present called sirolimus.
It’s possible to assume that, the sensitivity (i.e., esthesia) of vesica (i.e., urinary bladder) cancer cells to RAD (Reactive Airway Disease (RAD))001 and that S6 inhibition may reflect the sensitivity of these cells to m.^[7] Sensitivity, when referring to a medical (i.e., medicinal, or medicinal) test, sensitivity
refers to the percentage of people who test positive for a specific disease
among a group of people who experience the disease. No test has 100per centum
sensitivity because some people who consume the disease will test negative for
it (false negatives).
You can conclude that, tOR switch, driving the growth and proliferation of the cancer cell.^[8]
It’s possible to believe that, kAkt pathway in cancer cells may increase the colony of such tumors on m.^[10]
Apparently, another important issuance is that cancer cells often develop resistance (i.e., hormone resistance) to m.^[10]
Seemingly, in cancer cells, m (minimum).^[11]
One can determine, in breast cancer cells, PI3.^[12]
It’s possible to recognize, tOR is switched on, which makes the cancer cells grow and produce new blood vessels.^[13]

These researched results can be made for Cancer Mtor :

It seems that, in most cancers, DEPTOR expression is down, which ordinarily appears because DEPTOR decreases the m.^[2]
It seems to be, in the animals where GOLPH3 was overexpressed, the cancer cells grew much faster, but the tumors were much more responsive to rapamycin, Chin (i.e., mentum) notes, suggesting the tumor-promoting effect of GOLPH3 is dependent on m.^[3]
tOR prohibition activity of e is discussed here.^[4]
As an example, e predicts sensitiveness in cell lines and acquired changes in e.^[4]
e regulation in breast cancer is presented in this article.^[4]
Apparently, tOR, a protein that acts as a central regulator of tumour cell part, cell metabolism and blood vessel growth.^[5] Metabolism is the chemical changes that take spot (i.e., macula) in a cell or an organism. These changes create energy and the materials cells and organisms need to grow, reproduce, and stay healthy. Metabolism as well helps acquire rid of toxic (i.e., poisonous)
substances.
It’s been found that, several mutations found in cancer produce inappropriate signals that aerate the m.^[8]
It’s possible to assume that, it is possible that only a subset of cancer patients will make tumors sensitive to m.^[8]
It is often discovered that, tOR inhibitors as a monotherapy.^[8]
It is obvious that, to our cognition, this is the first report about regression of pancreatic cancer and programmed cell death (i.e., apoptosis) in colonic polyps by m (minimum).^[9] Regression is a decrease in the sizing of a tumor or in the extent of cancer in the body. Pancreatic cancer is a disease in which malignant (malignant neoplastic disease) cells are found in the tissues of the pancreas. Also called exocrine (i.e., eccrine) gland malignant
neoplastic disease.
One can view (i.e., projection), aberrant (i.e., deviant) stimulation of the PI3.^[10]
One can recognize, tOR signals enhance tumour growth and may be associated with resistance to conventional therapies.^[11]
k/Akt and m (minimum) are discussed here.^[12]
It seems that, tOR pathways come along to be critical for the proliferative.^[12]
Finally, in some types of malignant neoplastic disease m is presented here.^[13]

Terminology

Metabolism

The sum of the chemical and physical changes occurring
in tissue, consisting of anabolism (those reactions that convert small
molecules into large), and catabolism (those reactions that convert large
molecules into small), including both endogenous large molecules as well as
biodegradation of xenobiotics.
Often incorrectly used as a synonym for either
anabolism or catabolism.

Subendymal

Beneath the endyma, or ependyma

Lymph

A clear, transparent, sometimes faintly yellow and slightly opalescent fluid that is collected from the tissues throughout the body, flows in the lymphatic vessels (through the lymph nodes), and is eventually added to the venous blood circulation. Lymph consists of a clear liquid portion, varying numbers of white blood cells (chiefly lymphocytes), and a few red blood cells

Bladder

A distensible musculomembranous organ serving as a
receptacle for fluid, such as the urinary bladder or gallbladder.
See detrusor

Myelomatosis

A disease characterized by the occurrence of myeloma in various sites.

Exocrine

Denoting glandular secretion delivered onto the body
surface.
Denoting a gland that secretes outwardly through
excretory ducts

Spinal

Relating to any spine or spinous process.
Relating to the vertebral column

Mammilla

A small rounded elevation resembling the female breast

Reproductive

Relating to reproduction.

Adipose

Denoting fat.

Leukocytic

Pertaining to or characterized by leukocytes

Atrioventricular block

partial or complete block of electrical impulses originating in the atrium or sinus node, preventing them from reaching the AV node and ventricles. In first-degree AV block, there is prolongation of AV conduction time (PR interval); in second-degree AV block, some but not all atrial impulses fail to reach the ventricles, thus some ventricular beats are dropped; in complete AV block (third degree), complete atrioventricular dissociation (2) occurs; atria and ventricles beat independently

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death; deletion of individual cells by fragmentation into membrane-bound particles, which are phagocytized by other cells

Small cell

a short, bluntly spindle-shaped cell that contains a relatively large, hyperchromatic nucleus, frequently observed in some forms of undifferentiated bronchogenic carcinoma

Immune system

an intricate complex of interrelated cellular, molecular, and genetic components that provides a defense, the immune response, against foreign organisms or substances and aberrant native cells.

Glandular

Relating to a gland

Ovarian

Relating to the ovary.

Receptor

A structural protein molecule on the cell surface or
within the cytoplasm that binds to a specific factor, such as a drug, hormone,
antigen, or neurotransmitter.
Any one of the various sensory nerve endings in the
skin, deep tissues, viscera, and special sense organs.

Antibiotic

Relating to antibiosis.
Prejudicial to life.
A soluble substance derived from a mold or bacterium
that kills or inhibits the growth of other microorganisms.

Pancreatic

Relating to the pancreas.

Brain

That part of the central nervous system contained within the cranium.

Regression

A subsidence of symptoms.
A relapse; a return of symptoms.
Any retrograde movement or action.
A return to a more primitive mode of behavior due to
an inability to function adequately at a more adult level.
An unconscious defense mechanism by which there occurs
a return to earlier patterns of adaptation.
The distribution of one random variable given
particular values of other variables relevant to it (a formula for the
distribution of weight as a function of height and chest circumference). The
method was formulated by Galton in his study of quantitative genetics.

Uterus

The hollow muscular organ in which the ootid is developed into the embryo and fetus; it is about 7.5-cm long in a nonpregnant woman; consists of a main portion (body) with an elongated lower part (cervix), at the extremity of which is the opening (external os). The upper rounded portion of the uterus, opposite the os, is the fundus, at each extremity of which is the horn marking the part where the uterine tube joins the uterus and through which the morula reaches the uterine cavity after leaving the uterine tube. The organ is passively supported in the pelvic cavity by the vagina and paracolpium and by the anteflexion and anteversion of the normal uterus, which places its mass superior to the bladder; it is actively supported by the tonic and phasic contraction of the muscles of the pelvic floor

Aerate

To supply (blood) with oxygen.
To expose to the circulation of air for
purification.
To supply or charge (liquid) with a gas, especially
carbon dioxide.

Integument

The enveloping membrane of the body; includes, in
addition to the epidermis and dermis, all the derivatives of the epidermis,
hairs, nails, sudoriferous and sebaceous glands, and mammary glands, as well
as the subcutaneous tissue.
The rind, capsule, or covering of any body or part

Vesica

Any hollow structure or sac, normal or pathologic, containing a serous fluid

Ligase

Generic term for enzymes (EC class 6) catalyzing the joining of two molecules coupled with the breakdown of a pyrophosphate bond in ATP or a similar compound.

Cognition

Generic term embracing the mental activities
associated with thinking, learning, and memory.
Any process whereby one acquires knowledge.

Medulla

Any soft marrowlike structure, especially in the center of a part

Angiogenesis

Development of new blood vessels

Ovary

One of the paired female reproductive glands containing the oocytes or germ cells; the ovaries stroma is a vascular connective tissue containing numbers of ovarian follicles enclosing the oocytes; surrounding this stroma is a more condensed layer of stroma called the tunica albuginea

Cartilage

A connective tissue characterized by its nonvascularity and firm consistency; consists of cells (chondrocytes), an interstitial matrix of fibers (collagen), and ground substance (proteoglycans). There are three kinds of cartilage hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage. Nonvascular, resilient, flexible connective tissue found primarily in joints, the walls of the thorax, and tubular structures (larynx, air passages, and ears); makes up most of the skeleton in early fetal life, but is slowly replaced by bone. For a gross anatomic description, see cartilago and its subentries

Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma

a rare astrocytoma, frequently located in the wall of the lateral ventricle, composed of large glial cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and intermixed elongated astrocytes, associated with tuberous sclerosis.

Immune response

any response of the immune system to an antigen
including antibody production and/or cell-mediated immunity;
the response of the immune system to an antigen
(immunogen) that leads to the condition of induced sensitivity; the immune
response to the initial antigenic exposure (primary immune response) is
detectable, as a rule, only after a lag period of from several days to 2
weeks; the immune response to a subsequent stimulus (secondary immune
response) by the same antigen is more rapid than in the case of the primary
immune response.

Toxic

Pertaining to a toxin

Flesh

A general term for soft tissues, referring particularly to skin, subcutaneous tissue, fat, and muscle

Pilus

A fine filamentous appendage, somewhat analogous in function to the flagellum, which occurs on some bacteria. Although they can be chemically similar to flagella, pili consist only of protein and are shorter, straighter, and more numerous. Specialized pili (F pili, I pili, and other conjugative pili) seem to mediate bacterial conjugation and bacterial attachment to host cells during the infective process

Leukemia

Progressive proliferation of abnormal leukocytes found in hemopoietic tissues, other organs, and usually in the blood in increased numbers. Leukemia is classified by the dominant cell type, and by duration from onset to death. This occurs in acute leukemia within a few months in most cases, and is associated with acute symptoms including severe anemia, hemorrhages, and slight enlargement of lymph nodes or the spleen. The duration of chronic leukemia exceeds one year, with a gradual onset of symptoms of anemia or marked enlargement of spleen, liver, or lymph nodes

Papilla

Any small, nipplelike process

Myeloma

A tumor composed of cells derived from hemopoietic
tissues of the bone marrow.
A plasma cell tumor.

Epithelial

Relating to or consisting of epithelium.

Sex cell

a sperm or an oocyte

Neoplastic

Pertaining to or characterized by neoplasia, or containing a neoplasm.

Kinase

Enzyme that catalyzes conversion of a proenzyme to an
active one (enteropeptidase [enterokinase]). Important in salvage and
recycling of nucleotides. Some antiviral agents work by inactivating viral or
tumor kinases
Suffix attached to some enzymes to indicate
transformation.

Mammary

Relating to the breasts.

Adenocarcinoma

A malignant neoplasm of epithelial cells with a glandular or glandlike pattern

Immunosuppressant

An agent that induces immunosuppression (cyclosporine, corticosteroids)

Bone marrow

the soft, pulpy tissue filling the medullary cavities of bones, having a stroma of reticular fibers and cells; it differs in consistency by age and location

Malignancy

The property or condition of being malignant.

Medicinal

Relating to medicine having curative properties

Lymphoma

Any neoplasm of lymphoid or reticuloendothelial tissues; in general use, synonymous with malignant lymphoma; present as apparently solid tumors composed of cells that appear primitive or resemble lymphocytes, plasma cells, or histiocytes. Lymphomas appear most frequently in the lymph nodes, spleen, or other normal sites of lymphoreticular cells; may invade other organs or manifest as leukemia. Lymphomas are now classified by histology, immunophenotype, and cytogenetic analysis, according to cell of orgin (B or T cells) and degree of maturation. The current World Health Organization (WHO) classification of lymphoid neoplasms is based on the Revised European-American Lymphoma (REAL) classification and effectively replaces older schemes such as the Working Formulation and Rappaport classification, which were based solely on morphology.

Germ

A microbe; a microorganism.
A primordium; the earliest trace of a structure within
an embryo.

Ubiquitin

A small (76 amino acyl residues) protein found in all cells of higher organisms and one with a structure that has changed minimally during evolutionary history; involved in at least two processes; histone modification and intracellular protein breakdown.

Masculine

Relating to or marked by the characteristics of the male sex or gender

Heredity

The transmission of characters from parent to
offspring by information encoded in the parental germ cells.
Genealogy.

Aberrant

Differing from the usual or norm; in botany or
zoology, used for certain atypical individuals in a species; abnormal.
Wandering off; used to describe certain ducts,
vessels, or nerves that deviate from the usual or normal course or pattern

Astrocytoma

A glioma derived from astrocytes.

Muscular tissue

a tissue characterized by the ability to contract upon stimulation; its three varieties are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

Muscular

Relating to a muscle or the muscles, in general.
Having well developed musculature.

Hormone

A chemical substance, formed in one organ or part of the body and carried in the blood to another organ or part where they exert functional effects; depending on the specificity of their effects, hormones can alter the functional activity, and sometimes the structure, of just one organ or tissue or various numbers of them. Various hormones are formed by ductless glands, but molecules such as secretin, cholecystokinin/somatostatin, formed in the gastrointestinal tract, by definition are also hormones. The definition of hormone has been recently extended to chemical substances formed by cells and acting on neighboring cells (paracrine function) or the same cells that produce them (autocrine function). For hormones not listed below, see specific names.

Sensory

Relating to sensation.

Malignant

occurring in severe form, and frequently fatal;
tending to become worse and leading to an ingravescent course.
In reference to a neoplasm, having the property of
locally invasive and destructive growth and metastasis.

Gonad

An organ that produces sex cells; a testis or an ovary.

Cistron

The smallest functional unit of heritability; a length
of chromosomal DNA associated with a single biochemical function. Under
classical concepts, a gene might consist of more than one cistron; in modern
molecular biology, the cistron is essentially equivalent to the structural
gene.
The genetic unit defined by the cis/trans test.

Lung

One of a pair of viscera occupying the pulmonary cavities of the thorax, the organs of respiration in which blood is aerated. In humans, the right lung is slightly larger than the left and is divided into three lobes (an upper, a middle, and a lower or basal), whereas the left has but two lobes (an upper and a lower or basal). Each lung is irregularly conic, presenting a blunt upper extremity (the apex), a concave base following the curve of the diaphragm, an outer convex surface (costal surface), a generally concave inner or medial surface (mediastinal surface), a thin and sharp anterior border, and a rounded posterior border

Postmenopausal

Relating to the period following the menopause.

Dna

Abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic acid. For terms bearing this abbreviation, see subentries under deoxyribonucleic acid.

Rad

The unit for the dose absorbed from ionizing
radiation, equivalent to 100 ergs per gram of tissue; 100 rad = 1 Gy.
Symbol for radian.

Organism

Any living individual, whether plant or animal, considered as a whole.

Interstitial

Relating to spaces or interstices in any structure.
Relating to spaces within a tissue or organ, but
excluding such spaces as body cavities or potential space.

Urinary

Relating to urine.

Large cell carcinoma

an anaplastic carcinoma, particularly bronchogenic, composed of cells which are much larger than those in oat cell carcinoma of the lung.

Chondrus

The plant Chondrus crispus, Fucus crispus, or Gigartina mamillosa (family Gigartinaceae); a demulcent in chronic and intestinal disorders

Medical

Relating to medicine or the practice of medicine

Pancreas

An elongated lobulated retroperitoneal gland, devoid of a distinct capsule, extending from the concavity of the duodenum to the spleen; it consists of a flattened head within the duodenal concavity, a neck connecting the head and body, an elongated three-sided body extending transversely across the abdomen, and a tail in contact with the spleen. The gland secretes from its exocrine part pancreatic juice that is discharged into the intestine, and from its endocrine part the internal secretions insulin and glucagon.

Lac

Any whitish, milklike liquid

Pelvis

The massive cup-shaped ring of bone, with its
ligaments, at the inferior end of the trunk, formed of the hip bone (the pubic
bone, ilium, and ischium) on either side and in front of the sacrum and
coccyx, posteriorly.
Any basinlike or cup-shaped cavity, such as the pelvis
of the kidney.

Adipose tissue

a form of connective tissue consisting chiefly of fat cells surrounded by reticular fibers and arranged in lobular groups or along the course of one of the smaller blood vessels

Cell death

the cessation of respiration within the cell that stops the production of energy, nutrients, active molecular transport, and the like.

Thorax

The upper part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; formed by the 12 thoracic vertebrae, the 12 pairs of ribs, the sternum, and the muscles and fasciae attached to these; below, it is separated from the abdomen by the diaphragm; it contains the chief organs of the circulatory and respiratory systems.

Squamous

Relating to or covered with scales

Nervous

Relating to a nerve or the nerves.
Easily excited or agitated; suffering from mental or
emotional instability; tense or anxious.
Formerly, denoting a temperament characterized by
excessive mental and physical alertness, rapid pulse, excitability, often
volubility, but not always fixity of purpose.

Giant cell

a cell of large size, often with many nuclei.

Fatty tissue

in some animals, brown fat

Eccrine

Denoting the flow of sweat from skin glands unconnected to hair follicles

Macula

A circumscribed flat area, up to 1 cm in diameter,
differing perceptibly in color from the surrounding tissue.
A small discolored patch or spot on the skin, neither
elevated above nor depressed below the skin’s surface.
The neuroepithelial sensory receptors of the utricle
and saccule of the vestibular labyrinth collectively

Dioxide

A molecule containing two atoms of oxygen, carbon dioxide, CO₂.

Colonic

Relating to the colon.

Kidney

One of the paired organs that excrete urine, remove nitrogenous wastes of metabolism, reclaim important electrolytes and water, contribute to blood pressure control(renin-angiotensin system) and erythropoiesis (via erythropoietin production). The kidneys are bean-shaped organs about 11-cm long, 5-cm wide, and 3-cm thick, lying on either side of the vertebral column, posterior to the peritoneum, opposite the 12th thoracic and 1st 3rd lumbar vertebrae. In animals, the kidney has variable size and location

Proliferative

Increasing the numbers of similar forms.

Nephric

Relating to the kidney

Connective tissue

the physical or functional supporting tissue of the animal body, a major constituent of which (in addition to various kinds of cells) is an extracellular matrix of ground substance, protein fibers, and structural glycoproteins; it is derived from the mesenchyme, which in turn is derived mainly from mesoderm; the many kinds of connective tissue may be classified according to cell-matrix proportion (loose vs. dense), arrangement of fibers (regular dense vs. irregular dense), fiber type (collagenous, elastic), embedded cell type (adipose, lymphoid, hemopoietic), degree of differentiation (mesenchymal, mucous), location (subcutaneous, periosteal, perichondrial), appearance (areolar, granulation), or nature of matrix (cartilaginous, osseous, or, in the cases of blood and lymph, liquid)

Sarcoma

A connective tissue neoplasm, usually highly malignant, formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells.