Cancer Posterior

Cancer Posterior (i.e., dorsalis, or dorsal)

Important information for prostate (i.e., prostata, or glandula prostatica) gland (i.e., glandula) are usually:

Apparently, gy in twenty eight fractions to the prostate gland (i.e., prostate) and seminal vesicles, with an additional two thousand
eight hundred eighty c. ^[¹^] Gland is an organ (i.e., organum, or organon) that makes one or more substances, such as hormones, digestive (i.e., digestant) juices, sudate, tears (i.e., lacrimal fluid), saliva (i.e., spittle), or milk (i.e., strip, or lac). Endocrine glands (i.e., glandulae endocrinae, or ductless glands) discharge the substances straight into the bloodstream. Exocrine (i.e., eccrine) glands release the substances into a canal (i.e., canalis) or opening to the inside or outside of the body (i.e., corpus). Prostate is a gland in the male (i.e., masculine (i.e., linea)) reproductive system (i.e., systema) (i.e., genital system). The prostate surrounds the part (i.e., pars) of the urethra (the tube (i.e., tuba) that empties the bladder) just below the bladder, and produces a fluid that forms part of the semen (i.e., seed, or seminal fluid). Bladder is the organ that stores urine.
It’s been found that, gy in sixteen fractions to the prostate gland while sparing the bladder and anterior (i.e., ventral, or ventralis) rectal wall (i.e., paries) to constraints.^[1] Rectal, by or having to make out with the rectum. The rectum is the last several inches of the large gut (i.e., intestine) closest to the anus (i.e., anal orifice). Anterior is in human anatomy (i.e., dissection), has to do with the front of a
structure (i.e., structura), or a structure found toward the front of the
organic structure.

Cancer Posterior relevant findings include, but aren’t limited by:

One can presume that, typical prescribed doses for prostate malignant neoplastic disease (i.e., illness, or morbus) are five thousand forty c. (with)^[1]
One can believe that, head (i.e., caput) and neck (i.e., cervix (i.e., neck, or cervix of uterus), or collum) cancers, are frequently detected in patients who do not smoke or drink alcohol (i.e., ethyl alcohol, or grain alcohol); obviously all patients, regardless of their history, need to be screened at least once a year by their physician or dentist.^[2] Cancer is a term for diseases in which abnormal (i.e., deviant) cells divide without control and can invade nearby tissues. Cancer cells can also spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph (i.e., lympha) systems. There are several main (i.e., hand) types of cancer. Carcinoma is a cancer that begins in the skin (i.e., cutis) or in tissues that line or cover internal (i.e., internus) organs. Sarcoma is a cancer that begins in bone (i.e., os), cartilage (i.e., cartilago, or chondrus), fat (i.e., adipose tissue), muscle (i.e., musculus, or see musculus), blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue. Leukemia (i.e., leukocytic sarcoma) is a cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue such as the bone marrow (i.e., medulla ossium), and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the blood. Lymphoma and multiple myeloma (i.e., multiple myelomatosis, or myelomatosis multiplex) are cancers that begin in the cells of the immune system. Central nervous system (i.e., systema nervosum) cancers are cancers that begin in the tissues of the brain and spinal (i.e., rachial, or rachidial) cord (i.e., fasciculus, or funiculus). Also called malignancy. Alcohol is a chemical subject matter (i.e., substance) found in beer, wine (i.e., vinous liquor), and liquor, and some medicines, mouthwashes, household products, and essential (i.e., intrinsic) oils (scented liquid taken from plants). Alcohol contains a carbon atom attached to a hydroxyl group (a corpuscle (i.e., corpusculum) made of an oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom). Dentist is a health professional person who specializes in caring for the teeth, gums, and other tissues in the mouth. Physician, medical (i.e., medicinal, or medicinal) dr..
It would seem to be apparant that, this may result in delay in diagnosis accounting for the fact that the majority of these cancers are diagnosed at a late stage (1, 3-5).^[2] Stage is the extent of a cancer in the organic structure. Staging is usually based on the size of the tumor (i.e., neoplasm), whether lymph nodes curb malignant neoplastic disease, and whether the cancer has spread from the original site (i.e., situs) to other parts of the body. Tumor is an abnormal mass of tissue that results when cells divide more than they should or do not die when they should. Tumors may be benign (not cancer), or malignant (cancer). Also called neoplasm (i.e., new growth, or tumor). Lymph node is a rounded mass of lymphatic (i.e., vas lymphaticum) tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue (i.e., interstitial tissue, or supporting tissue). Lymph nodes filter (i.e., filtrum) lymph (lymphatic fluid), and they store lymphocytes (white (i.e., albicans) blood cells). Cell is the individual unit that makes up the tissues of the organic structure. All living things are made up of one or more cells. They are located along lymphatic vessels (i.e., lymph vessels). Also called lymph gland (i.e., lymph node). Lymph is the clear fluid that travels through the lymphatic system (i.e., lymphoid system) and carries cells that help fight infections and other diseases. Also called lymphatic fluid. Diagnosis is the procedure of identifying a disease,
such as cancer, from its signs and symptoms.
It has been discovered that, unequal other squamous (i.e., scaly) cell carcinomas, cancers of the nasopharynx (i.e., pars nasalis pharyngis, or epipharynx) can metastasize to the posterior triangulum (level V) in the absence of jugular lymph node involvement.^[3] Nasopharynx is the upper region (i.e., regio) of the throat (i.e., gullet) behind the nose. An opening on each side of the nasopharynx leads into the ear. Posterior is in human anatomy, has to execute with the back of a structure, or a structure found toward the back of the organic structure. Metastasize, to spread from one component part of the organic structure to another. When cancer cells metastasize and form secondary neoplasms, the cells in the metastatic tumor are like those in the original (primary) tumor. Squamous cell, flat cell that looks like a pisces scale (i.e., squama) under a microscope. These cells overcompensate inside and outside surfaces of the organic structure. They are found in the tissues that shape the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body (such as the bladder, kidney (i.e., ren, or nephros), and uterus (i.e., metra, or womb)), and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts.
You can notice, diagnosis and assessment of the extent of cancer are more difficult for cancers in this area than for those elsewhere in the upper aerodigestive pathway.^[3] Assessment is in
healthcare, a process (i.e., processus) used to study about a patient’s
condition. This may include a complete medical chronicle, medical tests, a
physical exam, a test of learning skills, tests to find out if the patient is
able to carry out the tasks of daily living, a mental (i.e., genial, or
genian) health evaluation, and a review of social support and community
resources available to the patient.
It looks that, that study has changed the opinions of some leading experts about how prostate malignant neoplastic disease typically spreads and what can be done to counter it.^[4]
It’s that, radiation (i.e., radiatio) therapy (i.e., therapeusis, or therapia) can likewise be used to control the cancer in the cervix nodes as long as it is not too advanced.^[5] Therapy, treatment. Radiation therapy is the use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, vasco da gamma rays, neutrons, protons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external (i.e., externus)-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive (i.e., radio-) material placed in the body near malignant neoplastic disease cells (internal radiation therapy). Systemic irradiation therapy uses a radioactive subject matter, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that travels in the blood to tissues throughout the body. As well called irradiation and radiotherapy (i.e., radiation oncology). Radiation, energy released in the descriptor of corpuscle or electromagnetic waves. Common sources of radiation include atomic number 86 gas, cosmic rays from outer space (i.e., spatium), medical x-rays, and energy given off by a radioisotope (unstable
form of a chemical component that releases radiation as it breaks down and
becomes more stable).
As an example, some cases of Oral Tongue (i.e., glossa, or lingua) Cancer can be treated with just removal of the primary tumour in the tongue.^[5]
It appears to be that, the Alivisato malignant neoplastic disease treatment is based on the premise that nanotechnology can help find biomarkers released by cancers in the earliest stage of cancers.^[6] Nanotechnology is
the field of research that deals with the engineering and creation of things
from materials that are less than 100 nanometers (one-billionth of a meter) in
size, particularly single atoms or molecules. Nanotechnology is being studied
in the sensing, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer.
One can identify, it is universally accepted that early detection of cancer can aid care for the cancer more efficiently.^[6]
One can determine that, the challenge is that in the early stages there are no symptoms of prostate gland malignant neoplastic disease.^[7]
It’s possible to assume that, prostate cancer is seen mainly in the posterior lobe (i.e., lobus).^[7] Prostate cancer, cancer that forms in tissues of the prostate (a gland in the male reproductive system found below the bladder and in front of the rectum). Prostate cancer usually occurs in older men. Lobe is a component part of an organ, such as the liver (i.e., hepar), lung (i.e., pulmo), breast (i.e., mamma, or teat), thyroid, or encephalon. Breast, glandular (i.e., glandulous) organ located on the chest (i.e., pectus). The breast is made up of connective tissue, fat, and breast tissue that contains the glands that can make milk. Also called mammary gland (i.e., glandula mammaria, or lactiferous gland).
You can conclude that, chances for survival from prostate cancer are dependent on many different factors discussed here.^[7]
It’s possible to believe that, cancer can be treated through chemotherapy, a treatment of drugs that destroy cancer cells.^[8] Chemotherapy, treatment with drugs that defeat cancer
cells.
Apparently, urethral Cancer Symptoms, Causes, Treatment (Tx) is presented
in this article: What is the treatment for anterior urethral malignant neoplastic disease.^[8]
Seemingly, the currently proposed serum biomarkers for bosom malignant neoplastic disease are not sensitive (i.e., sensible) or specific.^[9] Serum is the clear
liquid region of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting
proteins have been removed.
One can determine, duffy MJ Serum tumor markers in breast cancer are of clinical value.^[9] Breast cancer, cancer that forms in tissues of the breast, usually the ducts (tubes that carry milk to the nipple (i.e., papilla mammae, or mammilla)) and lobules (glands that make milk). It occurs in both men and women, although male breast (i.e., mamma masculina, or mamma virilis) cancer is rare. Clinical, having to do with the examination and
treatment of patients.
It’s possible to recognize, with appropriate treatment of detected abnormalities, cervical (i.e., cervicalis) malignant neoplastic disease can be prevented.^[10]Cervical, relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck. Cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower (i.e., inferior, or lower tubercle), narrow end (the neck ) of the uterus. >
You can conclude that, urethra, and cancers that begin here are called posterior urethral cancers.^[11]Urethral cancer is a rare cancer that forms in tissues of the urethra (the tube through which urine empties the bladder and leaves the organic structure). Types of urethral cancer include transitional cell carcinoma (i.e., urothelial carcinoma) (cancer that begins in cells that can alter shape and stretch without breaking apart), squamous cell carcinoma (cancer that begins in flat cells lining the urethra), and adenocarcinoma (i.e., glandular cancer, or glandular carcinoma) (cancer that begins in cells that make and release mucus and other fluids). >
Finally, it would appear that, a quick primer (i.e., starter) on the different ways bosom malignant neoplastic disease can be treated is presented in this paper.^[12]

Terminology

Endocrine glands

glands that have no ducts, their secretions being absorbed directly into the blood; collectively, these glands constitute the endocrine system

Neoplasm

An abnormal tissue that grows by cellular proliferation more rapidly than normal and continues to grow after the stimuli that initiated the new growth cease. Neoplasms show partial or complete lack of structural organization and functional coordination with the normal tissue, and usually form a distinct mass of tissue that may be either benign (benign tumor) or malignant (cancer)

Mammary gland

the potential and active compound, alveolar, mostly merocrine (with possible apocrine components) milk-secreting gland lying within the breast; it comprises 1524 lobes, each consisting of many lobules, separated by adipose tissue and fibrous septa; the parenchyma of the resting postpubertal female gland consists of ducts; the alveoli develop only during pregnancy and remain active until weaning; normally, the gland remains rudimentary (undistinguishable from its childhood state) in men

Lymph

A clear, transparent, sometimes faintly yellow and slightly opalescent fluid that is collected from the tissues throughout the body, flows in the lymphatic vessels (through the lymph nodes), and is eventually added to the venous blood circulation. Lymph consists of a clear liquid portion, varying numbers of white blood cells (chiefly lymphocytes), and a few red blood cells

Gy

Abbreviation for gray.

Bloodstream

The flowing blood as it is encountered in the circulatory system, as distinguished from blood that has been removed from the circulatory system or sequestered in a part; thus, something added to the bloodstream may be expected to become distributed to all parts of the body through which blood is flowing.

Tx

Abbreviation for individual thromboxanes, designated by capital letters with subscripts indicating structural features.

Bladder

A distensible musculomembranous organ serving as a
receptacle for fluid, such as the urinary bladder or gallbladder.
See detrusor

In human anatomy, denoting the front surface of the
body; often used to indicate the position of one structure relative to
another, situated nearer the front part of the body.
Near the head or rostral end of certain embryos.
In veterinary anatomy, limited to structures of the
eye and ear. The word is otherwise ambiguous with respect to the anatomy of
quadrupeds; cranial is preferred.
Before, in relation to time or space

Myelomatosis

A disease characterized by the occurrence of myeloma in various sites.

Exocrine

Denoting glandular secretion delivered onto the body
surface.
Denoting a gland that secretes outwardly through
excretory ducts

Spinal

Relating to any spine or spinous process.
Relating to the vertebral column

Mammilla

A small rounded elevation resembling the female breast

Nervous system

the entire nerve apparatus, composed of a central part (the brain and spinal cord) and a peripheral part (the cranial and spinal nerves, autonomic ganglia, plexuses and peripheral nerves)

Reproductive

Relating to reproduction.

Encephalon

That portion of the cerebrospinal axis contained within the cranium, composed of the prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon.

Adipose

Denoting fat.

Leukocytic

Pertaining to or characterized by leukocytes

Organ

Any part of the body exercising a specific function (respiration, secretion, or digestion)

Jugular

Relating to the throat or neck.
Relating to the jugular veins.
A jugular vein.

Immune system

an intricate complex of interrelated cellular, molecular, and genetic components that provides a defense, the immune response, against foreign organisms or substances and aberrant native cells.

Glandular

Relating to a gland

Tubercle

A nodule, especially in an anatomic, not pathologic,
sense.
A circumscribed, rounded, solid elevation on the
skin, mucous membrane, surface of an organ, or the surface of a bone, the
latter giving attachment to a muscle or ligament.
dentistry a small elevation arising on the surface of
a tooth.
A granulomatous lesion due to infection by
Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Although somewhat variable in size (0.53 mm
in diameter) and in the proportions of various histologic components,
tubercle’s tend to be fairly well circumscribed, spheroid, firm lesions that
usually consist of three irregularly outlined but moderately distinct zones 1)
an inner focus of necrosis, coagulative at first, which then becomes caseous;
2) a middle zone that consists of a fairly dense accumulation of large
mononuclear phagocytes (macrophages), frequently arranged somewhat radially
(with reference to the necrotic material) resembling an epithelium, and hence
termed epithelioid cells; multinucleated giant cells of Langhans type may also
be present; and 3) an outer zone of numerous lymphocytes, and a few monocytes
and plasma cells. In instances in which healing has begun, a fourth zone of
fibrous tissue may form at the periphery. Morphologically indistinguishable
lesions may occur in diseases caused by other agents; many observers use the
term nonspecifically, with reference to any such granuloma; other clinicians
use tubercle only for tuberculous lesions, and then designate those of
undetermined causes as epithelioid-cell granulomas

Genital

Relating to reproduction or generation.
Relating to the primary female or male sex organs or
genitals.
Relating to or characterized by genitality.

Squamous cell carcinoma

a malignant neoplasm derived from stratified squamous epithelium, but that may also occur in sites such as bronchial mucosa where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present; variable amounts of keratin are formed, in relationship to the degree of differentiation, and, if the keratin is not on the surface, it may accumulate in the neoplasm as a keratin pearl; in instances in which the cells are well differentiated, intercellular bridges may be observed between adjacent cells.

Corpuscle

A small mass or body.
A blood cell

Cervix of uterus

the lower part of the uterus extending from the isthmus of the uterus into the vagina. It is divided into supravaginal and vaginal parts by its passage through the vaginal wall

Throat

The fauces and pharynx.
The anterior aspect of the neck.
Any narrowed entrance into a hollow part

Digestive

Relating to digestion

Wall

An investing part enclosing a cavity such as the thorax or abdomen, or covering a cell or any anatomic unit. A wall, as of the thorax, abdomen, or any hollow organ

Brain

That part of the central nervous system contained within the cranium.

Ductless

Having no duct; denoting endocrine glands having only an internal secretion.

Lymphatic

Pertaining to lymph.
A vascular channel that transports lymph.
Sometimes used to pertain to a sluggish or phlegmatic
characteristic

Radioisotope

An isotope that changes to a more stable state by emitting radiation.

Systemic

Relating to a system; specifically somatic, relating to the entire organism as distinguished from any of its individual parts.

Monoclonal

In immunochemistry, pertaining to a protein from a single clone of cells, all molecules of which are the same; in the case of Bence Jones protein

Uterus

The hollow muscular organ in which the ootid is developed into the embryo and fetus; it is about 7.5-cm long in a nonpregnant woman; consists of a main portion (body) with an elongated lower part (cervix), at the extremity of which is the opening (external os). The upper rounded portion of the uterus, opposite the os, is the fundus, at each extremity of which is the horn marking the part where the uterine tube joins the uterus and through which the morula reaches the uterine cavity after leaving the uterine tube. The organ is passively supported in the pelvic cavity by the vagina and paracolpium and by the anteflexion and anteversion of the normal uterus, which places its mass superior to the bladder; it is actively supported by the tonic and phasic contraction of the muscles of the pelvic floor

Metastatic

Relating to metastasis.

Ventral

Pertaining to the belly or to any venter.
veterinary anatomy the undersurface of an animal;
often used to indicate the position of one structure relative to another
(situated nearer the undersurface of the body)

Digestant

Aiding digestion.
An agent that favors or assists the process of
digestion

Aerodigestive

Denoting that part of the respiratory and digestive tracts that course in common through the pharyngeal and cervical regions.

Chemotherapy

Treatment of disease by means of chemical substances or drugs; usually used in reference to neoplastic disease.

Lymphoid system

it consists of lymphatic vessels, nodes, and lymphoid tissue; it empties into the veins at the level of the superior aperture of the thorax

Medulla

Any soft marrowlike structure, especially in the center of a part

Physician

A doctor; a person who has been educated, trained,
and licensed to practice the art and science of medicine.
A practitioner of medicine, as contrasted with a
surgeon.

Cartilage

A connective tissue characterized by its nonvascularity and firm consistency; consists of cells (chondrocytes), an interstitial matrix of fibers (collagen), and ground substance (proteoglycans). There are three kinds of cartilage hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage. Nonvascular, resilient, flexible connective tissue found primarily in joints, the walls of the thorax, and tubular structures (larynx, air passages, and ears); makes up most of the skeleton in early fetal life, but is slowly replaced by bone. For a gross anatomic description, see cartilago and its subentries

Seminal

Relating to semen.
Original or influential of future developments.

Leukemia

Progressive proliferation of abnormal leukocytes found in hemopoietic tissues, other organs, and usually in the blood in increased numbers. Leukemia is classified by the dominant cell type, and by duration from onset to death. This occurs in acute leukemia within a few months in most cases, and is associated with acute symptoms including severe anemia, hemorrhages, and slight enlargement of lymph nodes or the spleen. The duration of chronic leukemia exceeds one year, with a gradual onset of symptoms of anemia or marked enlargement of spleen, liver, or lymph nodes

Rectum

The terminal portion of the digestive tube, extending from the rectosigmoid junction to the anal canal (perineal flexure).

Gamma rays

electromagnetic radiation emitted from radioactive substances; they are high-energy x-rays but originate from the nucleus rather than the orbital shell and are not deflected by a magnet.

Rectal

Relating to the rectum.

Neck

Part of body by which the head is connected to the
trunk, it extends from the base of the cranium to the top of the shoulders.
In anatomy, any constricted portion having a fancied
resemblance to the neck of an animal.
The germinative portion of an adult tapeworm, that
develops the segments or proglottids; the region of cestode segmentation
behind the scolex

Nasopharynx

The part of the pharynx that lies above the soft palate; anteriorly it opens into the nasal cavities through the choanae; inferiorly, it communicates with the oropharynx through the pharyngeal isthmus; laterally it communicates with tympanic cavities through pharyngotympanic (auditory) tubes

Cervix

Any necklike structure

Vinous

Relating to, containing, or of the nature of wine.

Oncology

The study or science dealing with the physical, chemical, and biologic properties and features of neoplasms, including causation, pathogenesis, and treatment.

Papilla

Any small, nipplelike process

Myeloma

A tumor composed of cells derived from hemopoietic
tissues of the bone marrow.
A plasma cell tumor.

Lymph vessels

the vessels that convey the lymph; they anastomose freely with each other

Neoplastic

Pertaining to or characterized by neoplasia, or containing a neoplasm.

Mammary

Relating to the breasts.

Dissection

The act of dissecting

Oral

Relating to the mouth.

Adenocarcinoma

A malignant neoplasm of epithelial cells with a glandular or glandlike pattern

Thyroid

Resembling a shield; denoting a gland (thyroid gland)
and a cartilage of the larynx (thyroid cartilage) having such a shape.
The cleaned, dried, and powdered thyroid gland obtained from
one of the domesticated animals used for food and containing 0.17 -
0.23% of iodine; formerly widely used in the treatment of
hypothyroidism, cretinism, and myxedema, in some cases of obesity, and in skin
disorders.

Serum

A clear, watery fluid, especially that moistening the
surface of serous membranes, or exuded in inflammation of any of those
membranes.
The fluid portion of the blood obtained after removal
of the fibrin clot and blood cells, distinguished from the plasma in
circulating blood. Sometimes used as a synonym for antiserum or antitoxin.

Lacrimal fluid

a watery physiologic saline, with a plasmalike consistency, but also contains the bacteriocidal enzyme lysozyme; it moistens the conjunctiva and cornea, providing nutrients and dissolved O₂ to the cornea

Bone marrow

the soft, pulpy tissue filling the medullary cavities of bones, having a stroma of reticular fibers and cells; it differs in consistency by age and location

Malignancy

The property or condition of being malignant.

Medicinal

Relating to medicine having curative properties

Male breast

one of the two, usually rudimentary, mammary glands and overlying nipples of the male

Semen

The penile ejaculate; a thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid containing sperms; a mixture produced by secretions of the testes, seminal glands, prostate, and bulbourethral glands

Lymphoma

Any neoplasm of lymphoid or reticuloendothelial tissues; in general use, synonymous with malignant lymphoma; present as apparently solid tumors composed of cells that appear primitive or resemble lymphocytes, plasma cells, or histiocytes. Lymphomas appear most frequently in the lymph nodes, spleen, or other normal sites of lymphoreticular cells; may invade other organs or manifest as leukemia. Lymphomas are now classified by histology, immunophenotype, and cytogenetic analysis, according to cell of orgin (B or T cells) and degree of maturation. The current World Health Organization (WHO) classification of lymphoid neoplasms is based on the Revised European-American Lymphoma (REAL) classification and effectively replaces older schemes such as the Working Formulation and Rappaport classification, which were based solely on morphology.

Lymphoid

Resembling lymph or lymphatic tissue, or pertaining to the lymphatic system.

Anus

The lower opening of the digestive tract. It is associated with the anal sphincter and lies in the cleft between the buttocks, through which fecal matter is extruded

Cosmic rays

high-velocity particles of enormous energies, bombarding earth from outer
space; the ??????primary radiation?????? consists of protons and more complex
atomic nuclei that, on striking the atmosphere, give rise to neutrons, mesons,
and other less energetic secondary radiation.

Masculine

Relating to or marked by the characteristics of the male sex or gender

Intestine

The digestive tube passing from the stomach to the anus. It is divided primarily into the small intestine (intestinum tenue) and the large intestine (intestinum crassum)

Gamma

Third letter of the Greek alphabet.
A unit of magnetic field intensity equal to 109 T.

Saliva

A clear, tasteless, odorless, slightly acidic (pH 6.8) viscid fluid, consisting of the secretion from the parotid, sublingual, and submandibular salivary glands and the mucous glands of the oral cavity; its function is to keep the mucous membrane of the mouth moist, to lubricate food during mastication, and, in a measure, to convert starch into maltose, the latter action being effected by a diastatic enzyme, ptyalin

Pisces

A superclass of vertebrates, generally known as fish; the term is sometimes confined to the bony fishes.

Transitional cell

any cell thought to represent a phase of development from one form to another.

Hydroxyl

The radical or moiety, ??????OH.

Dentist

A legally qualified practitioner of dentistry.

Urine

The fluid and dissolved substances excreted by the kidney.

Endocrine

Secreting internally, most commonly into the systemic
circulation; of or pertaining to such secretion.
The internal or hormonal secretion of a ductless
gland.
Denoting a gland that furnishes an internal
secretion.

Posterior

human anatomy denoting the back surface of the body.
Often used to indicate the position of one structure relative to another,
nearer the back of the body.
After, in relation to time or space.
veterinary anatomy limited to structures of the eye
and ear. The word is otherwise ambiguous with respect to the anatomy of
quadrupeds; caudal is preferred

Urethral

Relating to the urethra.

Liver

The largest gland of the body, lying beneath the diaphragm in the right hypochondrium and upper part of the epigastric region; it is of irregular shape and weighs from 12 kg, or about one fortieth the weight of the body. As an exocrine gland, it secretes bile; it initially receives most absorbed nutrients through the portal vein; it detoxifies drugs and many exogeneous substances and is also of great importance in fat, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism; also stores glycogen

Orifice

Any aperture or opening

Liquor

Any liquid or fluid.
A term used for certain body fluids.
The pharmacopoeial term for any aqueous solution (not
a decoction or infusion) of a nonvolatile substance and for aqueous solutions
of gases.

Gut

Embryonic digestive tube.
Abbreviated term for catgut

Radiation

radiophobia.

Malignant

occurring in severe form, and frequently fatal;
tending to become worse and leading to an ingravescent course.
In reference to a neoplasm, having the property of
locally invasive and destructive growth and metastasis.

Lobe

One of the subdivisions of an organ or other part,
bounded by fissures, sulci, connective tissue septa, or other structural
demarcations.
A rounded projecting part, as the lobe of the ear.
One of the larger divisions of the crown of a tooth,
formed from a distinct point of calcification

Benign

Denoting the mild character of an illness or the nonmalignant character of a neoplasm.

Urothelial carcinoma

a malignant neoplasm derived from transitional epithelium, occurring chiefly in the urinary bladder, ureters, or renal pelves (especially if well differentiated); frequently papillary; these carcinomas are graded according to the degree of anaplasia. So-called transitional cell carcinoma of the upper respiratory tract is more properly classified as squamous cell carcinoma. Transitional cell carcinoma is also a rare tumor of the ovary

Lung

One of a pair of viscera occupying the pulmonary cavities of the thorax, the organs of respiration in which blood is aerated. In humans, the right lung is slightly larger than the left and is divided into three lobes (an upper, a middle, and a lower or basal), whereas the left has but two lobes (an upper and a lower or basal). Each lung is irregularly conic, presenting a blunt upper extremity (the apex), a concave base following the curve of the diaphragm, an outer convex surface (costal surface), a generally concave inner or medial surface (mediastinal surface), a thin and sharp anterior border, and a rounded posterior border

Dr.

Abbreviation for doctor.

Cervical

Relating to a neck, or cervix, in any sense

Head

The upper or anterior extremity of the animal body,
containing the brain and the organs of sight, hearing, taste, and smell.
The upper, anterior, or larger extremity, expanded or
rounded, of any body, organ, or other anatomic structure.
The rounded extremity of a bone.
That end of a muscle that is attached to the less
movable part of the skeleton

Interstitial

Relating to spaces or interstices in any
structure.
Relating to spaces within a tissue or organ, but
excluding such spaces as body cavities or potential space.

Irradiation

The subjective enlargement of a bright object seen
against a dark background.
Exposure to the action of electromagnetic radiation
(heat, light, x-rays).
The spreading of nervous impulses from one area in
the brain or cord, or from a tract, to another tract.

Uterine

Relating to the uterus.

Chondrus

The plant Chondrus crispus, Fucus crispus, or Gigartina mamillosa (family Gigartinaceae); a demulcent in chronic and intestinal disorders

Squama

A thin plate of bone.
An epidermal scale

Medical

Relating to medicine or the practice of medicine

Radioactive

Possessing radioactivity

Tumor

Any swelling or tumefaction.
One of the four signs of inflammation (t., calor,
dolor, rubor) enunciated by Celsus

Transitional

Relating to or marked by a transition; transitory.

Metastasize

To pass into or invade by metastasis.

Respiratory

Relating to respiration.

Squamous

Relating to or covered with scales

Staging

The determination or classification of distinct
phases or periods in the course of a disease or pathologic process.
The determination of the specific extent of a disease
process in an individual patient.

Nervous

Relating to a nerve or the nerves.
Easily excited or agitated; suffering from mental or
emotional instability; tense or anxious.
Formerly, denoting a temperament characterized by
excessive mental and physical alertness, rapid pulse, excitability, often
volubility, but not always fixity of purpose.

Mucus

The clear viscid secretion of the mucous membranes, consisting of mucin, epithelial cells, leukocytes, and various inorganic salts dissolved in water.

Lactiferous

Yielding milk.

Anatomy

The morphologic structure of an organism.
The science of the morphology or structure of
organisms.
A work describing the form and structure of an
organism and its various parts

Vas

A duct or canal conveying any liquid, such as blood, lymph, chyle, or semen.

Lacrimal

Relating to tears, their secretion, the secretory glands, and the drainage apparatus

Urethra

The canal leading from the bladder, discharging the urine externally.

Eccrine

Denoting the flow of sweat from skin glands unconnected to hair follicles

Kidney

One of the paired organs that excrete urine, remove nitrogenous wastes of metabolism, reclaim important electrolytes and water, contribute to blood pressure control(renin-angiotensin system) and erythropoiesis (via erythropoietin production). The kidneys are bean-shaped organs about 11-cm long, 5-cm wide, and 3-cm thick, lying on either side of the vertebral column, posterior to the peritoneum, opposite the 12th thoracic and 1st 3rd lumbar vertebrae. In animals, the kidney has variable size and location

Connective tissue

the physical or functional supporting tissue of the animal body, a major constituent of which (in addition to various kinds of cells) is an extracellular matrix of ground substance, protein fibers, and structural glycoproteins; it is derived from the mesenchyme, which in turn is derived mainly from mesoderm; the many kinds of connective tissue may be classified according to cell-matrix proportion (loose vs. dense), arrangement of fibers (regular dense vs. irregular dense), fiber type (collagenous, elastic), embedded cell type (adipose, lymphoid, hemopoietic), degree of differentiation (mesenchymal, mucous), location (subcutaneous, periosteal, perichondrial), appearance (areolar, granulation), or nature of matrix (cartilaginous, osseous, or, in the cases of blood and lymph, liquid)

Sarcoma

A connective tissue neoplasm, usually highly malignant, formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells.