Cancer Nucleotide

Cancer Nucleotide (i.e., mononucleotide)

In the event that we all consider breast (i.e., mamma, or teat), than we can suggest that cancer, and cancer susceptibility will be of higher importance. Cancer is a term for diseases in which abnormal (i.e., deviant) cells divide without control and can invade nearby tissues. Cancer cells can also spread to other parts of the body (i.e., corpus) through the blood (i.e., haema) and lymph (i.e., lympha) systems. There are several main (i.e., hand) types of cancer. Carcinoma is a cancer that begins in the skin (i.e., cutis) or in tissues that line (i.e., linea) or cover internal (i.e., internus) organs. Sarcoma is a cancer that begins in bone (i.e., os), cartilage (i.e., cartilago, or chondrus), fat (i.e., adipose tissue), muscle (i.e., musculus, or see musculus), blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue. Leukemia (i.e., leukocytic sarcoma) is a cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue such as the bone marrow (i.e., medulla ossium), and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the blood. Lymphoma and multiple myeloma (i.e., multiple myelomatosis, or myelomatosis multiplex) are cancers that begin in the cells of the immune system. Central nervous system (i.e., systema nervosum) cancers are cancers that begin in the tissues of the brain and spinal (i.e., rachial, or rachidial) cord (i.e., fasciculus, or funiculus). Also called malignancy. Breast, glandular (i.e., glandulous) organ located on the chest (i.e., pectus). The breast is made up of connective tissue (i.e., interstitial tissue, or supporting tissue), fat, and breast tissue that contains the glands that can make milk (i.e., strip, or lac). Also called mammary gland (i.e., glandula mammaria, or lactiferous gland). With respect to cancer we are able to determine breast, and breast susceptibility as being important.

Regarding single nucleotide polymorphisms, we can mention the following relevant things. Nucleotide is a building block (i.e., atrioventricular block) for nucleic acids (the molecules inside cells that carry genetical information). Nucleotides are attached terminate-to-terminate to form the nucleic acids Dna and RNA. RNA, one of two types of nucleic acid made by cells. RNA contains information that has been copied from DNA (the other type of nucleic acid). Cells make several different forms of RNA, and each form has a specific job in the cell. Many forms of RNA have functions related to making proteins. Protein is a molecule made up of amino acids. Proteins are needed for the body to function properly. They are the basis (i.e., base) of body structures, such as skin and hair (i.e., pilus), and of other substances such as enzymes, cytokines, and antibodies. RNA is also the genetic material of some viruses instead of DNA. RNA can be made in the laboratory and used in research studies. Also called ribonucleic acid.

One can determine that, genome-wide association studies, focusing primarily on unilateral breast cancer, have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a number of genomic regions that have alleles associated with a significantly increased risk of breast cancer.^[1] Breast cancer, cancer that forms in tissues of the breast, usually the ducts (tubes that carry milk to the nipple (i.e., papilla mammae, or mammilla)) and lobules (glands that make milk). It occurs in both men and women, although male (i.e., masculine) breast (i.e., mamma masculina, or mamma virilis) cancer is rare. Genome is the complete genetic material of an organism. Unilateral, having to come with one side of the
organic structure.
One can identify, the researchers found that a group of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the third most common Esr2 gene in Ashkenazi women under study was associated with breast malignant neoplastic disease susceptibility.^[2] ESR is the distance bolshie blood cells move around in one hour in a sample of blood as they settle to the bottom of a test tube. The sedimentation rate is increased in redness, infection, cancer, rheumatic (i.e., rheumatismal) diseases, and diseases of the blood and bone marrow. Also called erythrocyte (i.e., red blood cell, or red corpuscle) alluviation rate and sedimentation rate. Gene is the functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes
are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a
specific protein.
One can view (i.e., projection), of seventeen single nucleotide polymorphisms (variations) of ESR1 under study, there were two polymorphisms associated with bosom cancer susceptibleness.^[2]
One can determine that, gold and his colleagues also found no association between breast cancer and thirteen single nucleotide polymorphisms in the progesterone (i.e., luteohormone, or pregnancy hormone) receptor gene.^[2] Progesterone receptor is a protein found inside the cells of the female reproductive tissue, some other types of tissue, and some malignant neoplastic disease cells. The endocrine lipo-lutin will bind to the receptors inside the cells and may cause the cells to grow. Likewise called PR. Receptor is a corpuscle (i.e., corpusculum) inside or on the airfoil of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific effect in the cell. Progesterone is a type of hormone made by the body that plays a role in the catamenial cycle and pregnancy (i.e., fetation, or gestation). Progesterone can likewise be made in the laboratory. It may be used as a type of birth control and to treat catamenial disorders, sterility, symptoms of menopause, and other
conditions.
It would seem apparant that, ULike Rapid detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms related with lung (i.e., pulmo) malignant neoplastic disease susceptibleness of Chinese population.^[4] Lung, one of a pair of organs in the chest that supplies the body with oxygen, and removes carbon dioxide from the body.

Cancer Nucleotide appropriate discoveries contain, but aren’t restricted to:

It seems that, inhibition of a nucleotide translocase-2 by vector (i.e., recombinant vector)-based si.^[3]
Apparently, RNA in human breast malignant neoplastic disease cells induces apoptosis (i.e., programmed cell death (i.e., mors) (i.e., apoptosis)) and inhibits tumor (i.e., neoplasm) increase in vitro and in vivo.^[3] In vivo is in the organic structure. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the testing ground). Tumor is an abnormal mass of tissue that results when cells divide more than they should or do not die when they should. Tumors may be benign (not cancer), or malignant (cancer). Also called neoplasm (i.e., new growth, or tumor). In vitro is in the science lab (outside the body). The contrary of in vivo (in the body). Apoptosis is a type of cell death in which a series
of molecular steps in a cell lead to its death. This is one method the body
uses to get rid of unneeded or abnormal cells. The process (i.e., processus)
of apoptosis may be blocked in cancer cells. Also called programmed cell
death.
It’s that, adenine nucleotide (i.e., adenylic acid) translocase two is a key mitochondrial protein in cancer metabolism.^[3] Adenine is a chemic compound that is used to make one of the building blocks of DNA and RNA. It is also a region of many substances in the body that give energy to cells. Adenine is a type of purine. Metabolism is the chemic changes that take spot (i.e., macula) in a cell or an organism. These changes make energy and the materials cells and organisms require to grow, reproduce, and stay healthy. Metabolism as well helps get rid of toxic (i.e., poisonous)
substances.

Terminology

Neoplasm

An abnormal tissue that grows by cellular proliferation more rapidly than normal and continues to grow after the stimuli that initiated the new growth cease. Neoplasms show partial or complete lack of structural organization and functional coordination with the normal tissue, and usually form a distinct mass of tissue that may be either benign (benign tumor) or malignant (cancer)

Metabolism

The sum of the chemical and physical changes
occurring in tissue, consisting of anabolism (those reactions that convert
small molecules into large), and catabolism (those reactions that convert
large molecules into small), including both endogenous large molecules as well
as biodegradation of xenobiotics.
Often incorrectly used as a synonym for either
anabolism or catabolism.

Mammary gland

the potential and active compound, alveolar, mostly merocrine (with possible apocrine components) milk-secreting gland lying within the breast; it comprises 15??????24 lobes, each consisting of many lobules, separated by adipose tissue and fibrous septa; the parenchyma of the resting postpubertal female gland consists of ducts; the alveoli develop only during pregnancy and remain active until weaning; normally, the gland remains rudimentary (undistinguishable from its childhood state) in men

Lymph

A clear, transparent, sometimes faintly yellow and slightly opalescent fluid that is collected from the tissues throughout the body, flows in the lymphatic vessels (through the lymph nodes), and is eventually added to the venous blood circulation. Lymph consists of a clear liquid portion, varying numbers of white blood cells (chiefly lymphocytes), and a few red blood cells

Cycle

A recurrent series of events.
A recurring period of time.
One successive compression and rarefaction of a wave,
as of a sound wave.

Susceptibility

Likelihood of an individual to develop ill effects
from an external agent, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, high altitude, or
ambient temperature.
In magnetic resonance imaging, the loss of
magnetization signal caused by rapid phase dispersion because of marked local
inhomogeneity of the magnetic field, as with the multiple air??????soft tissue
interfaces in the lung.

Myelomatosis

A disease characterized by the occurrence of myeloma in various sites.

Spinal

Relating to any spine or spinous process.
Relating to the vertebral column

Mammilla

A small rounded elevation resembling the female breast

Nervous system

the entire nerve apparatus, composed of a central part (the brain and spinal cord) and a peripheral part (the cranial and spinal nerves, autonomic ganglia, plexuses and peripheral nerves)

Reproductive

Relating to reproduction.

Adipose

Denoting fat.

Leukocytic

Pertaining to or characterized by leukocytes

Atrioventricular block

partial or complete block of electrical impulses originating in the atrium or sinus node, preventing them from reaching the AV node and ventricles. In first-degree AV block, there is prolongation of AV conduction time (PR interval); in second-degree AV block, some but not all atrial impulses fail to reach the ventricles, thus some ventricular beats are dropped; in complete AV block (third degree), complete atrioventricular dissociation (2) occurs; atria and ventricles beat independently

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death; deletion of individual cells by fragmentation into membrane-bound particles, which are phagocytized by other cells

Immune system

an intricate complex of interrelated cellular, molecular, and genetic components that provides a defense, the immune response, against foreign organisms or substances and aberrant native cells.

Glandular

Relating to a gland

Receptor

A structural protein molecule on the cell surface or
within the cytoplasm that binds to a specific factor, such as a drug, hormone,
antigen, or neurotransmitter.
Any one of the various sensory nerve endings in the
skin, deep tissues, viscera, and special sense organs.

Vector

An invertebrate animal (tick, mite, mosquito,
bloodsucking fly) capable of transmitting an infectious agent among
vertebrates.
Anything (velocity, mechanical force, electromotive
force) having magnitude and direction; it can be represented by a straight
line of appropriate length and direction.
The net electrical axis of any ECG wave (usually QRS)
the length of which is proportional to the magnitude of the electrical force,
the direction of which gives the direction of the force and the tip of which
represents the positive pole of the force.
DNA such as a chromosome or plasmid that autonomously
replicates in a cell into which another DNA segment may be inserted and be
itself replicated, as in cloning.
Recombinant DNA systems especially suited for
production of large quantities of specific proteins in bacterial, yeast,
insect, or mammalian cell systems

Corpuscle

A small mass or body.
A blood cell

Genome

A complete set of chromosomes derived from one
parent, the haploid number of a gamete.
The total gene complement of a set of chromosomes
found in higher life forms (the haploid set in a eukaryotic cell), or the
functionally similar but simpler linear arrangements found in bacteria and
viruses.

Brain

That part of the central nervous system contained within the cranium.

Mitochondrial

Relating to mitochondria.

Sterility

In general, the incapability of fertilization or
reproduction.
Condition of being aseptic, or free from all living
microorganisms.
See female
sterility, male sterility

Medulla

Any soft marrowlike structure, especially in the center of a part

Cartilage

A connective tissue characterized by its nonvascularity and firm consistency; consists of cells (chondrocytes), an interstitial matrix of fibers (collagen), and ground substance (proteoglycans). There are three kinds of cartilage hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage. Nonvascular, resilient, flexible connective tissue found primarily in joints, the walls of the thorax, and tubular structures (larynx, air passages, and ears); makes up most of the skeleton in early fetal life, but is slowly replaced by bone. For a gross anatomic description, see cartilago and its subentries

Toxic

Pertaining to a toxin

Infection

Invasion of the body with organisms that have the potential to cause disease.

Pilus

A fine filamentous appendage, somewhat analogous in function to the flagellum, which occurs on some bacteria. Although they can be chemically similar to flagella, pili consist only of protein and are shorter, straighter, and more numerous. Specialized pili (F pili, I pili, and other conjugative pili) seem to mediate bacterial conjugation and bacterial attachment to host cells during the infective process

Leukemia

Progressive proliferation of abnormal leukocytes found in hemopoietic tissues, other organs, and usually in the blood in increased numbers. Leukemia is classified by the dominant cell type, and by duration from onset to death. This occurs in acute leukemia within a few months in most cases, and is associated with acute symptoms including severe anemia, hemorrhages, and slight enlargement of lymph nodes or the spleen. The duration of chronic leukemia exceeds one year, with a gradual onset of symptoms of anemia or marked enlargement of spleen, liver, or lymph nodes

Sample

A specimen of a whole entity small enough to involve
no threat or damage to the whole; an aliquot.
A selected subset of a population; a sample may be
random or nonrandom (haphazard), representative or nonrepresentative.

Papilla

Any small, nipplelike process

Myeloma

A tumor composed of cells derived from hemopoietic
tissues of the bone marrow.
A plasma cell tumor.

Neoplastic

Pertaining to or characterized by neoplasia, or containing a neoplasm.

Mammary

Relating to the breasts.

Nucleotide

Originally a combination of a (nucleic acid) purine or pyrimidine, one sugar (usually ribose or deoxyribose), and a phosphoric group; by extension, any compound containing a heterocyclic compound bound to a phosphorylated sugar by an N-glycosyl link (adenosine monophosphate, NAD+). For individual nucleotides see specific names

Genetic material

the carrier of hereditary information; in higher organisms it is duplex DNA.

In vivo

In the living body, referring to a process or reaction occurring therein.

Bone marrow

the soft, pulpy tissue filling the medullary cavities of bones, having a stroma of reticular fibers and cells; it differs in consistency by age and location

Malignancy

The property or condition of being malignant.

Unilateral

Confined to one side only.

Lymphoma

Any neoplasm of lymphoid or reticuloendothelial tissues; in general use, synonymous with malignant lymphoma; present as apparently solid tumors composed of cells that appear primitive or resemble lymphocytes, plasma cells, or histiocytes. Lymphomas appear most frequently in the lymph nodes, spleen, or other normal sites of lymphoreticular cells; may invade other organs or manifest as leukemia. Lymphomas are now classified by histology, immunophenotype, and cytogenetic analysis, according to cell of orgin (B or T cells) and degree of maturation. The current World Health Organization (WHO) classification of lymphoid neoplasms is based on the Revised European-American Lymphoma (REAL) classification and effectively replaces older schemes such as the Working Formulation and Rappaport classification, which were based solely on morphology.

Masculine

Relating to or marked by the characteristics of the male sex or gender

Heredity

The transmission of characters from parent to
offspring by information encoded in the parental germ cells.
Genealogy.

Settle

Acronym for spindle epithelial tumor (q.v.) with thymuslike elements.

Menopause

Permanent cessation of the menses due to ovarian failure; termination of the menstrual life.

Endocrine

Secreting internally, most commonly into the systemic
circulation; of or pertaining to such secretion.
The internal or hormonal secretion of a ductless
gland.
Denoting a gland that furnishes an internal
secretion.

Erythrocyte

A mature red blood cell

Genomic

Relating to a genome.

Key

Ernst A.H., Swedish anatomist and physician,
1832??????1901.
See foramen of
Key-Retzius, sheath of Key and Retzius

Sedimentation rate

the rate at which a sediment is deposited from a solution.

Test tube

a tube of thin glass closed at one end, used in the examination of urine and other chemical operations, for bacterial cultures, etc.

Malignant

occurring in severe form, and frequently fatal;
tending to become worse and leading to an ingravescent course.
In reference to a neoplasm, having the property of
locally invasive and destructive growth and metastasis.

Benign

Denoting the mild character of an illness or the nonmalignant character of a neoplasm.

Esr

Abbreviation for erythrocyte sedimentation rate; electron spin resonance.

Birth control

restriction of the number of offspring by means of
contraceptive measures;
projects, programs, or methods to control
reproduction, by either improving or diminishing fertility.

Lung

One of a pair of viscera occupying the pulmonary cavities of the thorax, the organs of respiration in which blood is aerated. In humans, the right lung is slightly larger than the left and is divided into three lobes (an upper, a middle, and a lower or basal), whereas the left has but two lobes (an upper and a lower or basal). Each lung is irregularly conic, presenting a blunt upper extremity (the apex), a concave base following the curve of the diaphragm, an outer convex surface (costal surface), a generally concave inner or medial surface (mediastinal surface), a thin and sharp anterior border, and a rounded posterior border

Rheumatic

Relating to or characterized by rheumatism

Dna

Abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic acid. For terms bearing this abbreviation, see subentries under deoxyribonucleic acid.

In vitro

In an artificial environment, referring to a process or reaction occurring therein, as in a test tube or culture medium.

Organism

Any living individual, whether plant or animal, considered as a whole.

Interstitial

Relating to spaces or interstices in any
structure.
Relating to spaces within a tissue or organ, but
excluding such spaces as body cavities or potential space.

Sedimentation

Formation of a sediment.

Pregnancy

maieusiophobia.

Chondrus

The plant Chondrus crispus, Fucus crispus, or Gigartina mamillosa (family Gigartinaceae); a demulcent in chronic and intestinal disorders

Recombinant

A cell or organism that has received genes from
different parental strains.
Pertaining to or denoting such organisms.
In linkage analysis, the change of coupling phase at
two loci during meiosis. If two syntenic, nonallelic genes are inherited from
the same parent, they must be in coupling. An offspring that inherits only one
of them is recombinant and indicates an odd number of cross-overs between the
loci; an offspring that inherits neither or both are nonrecombinant and may
indicate an even number of cross-overs or none.

Adenylic acid

A condensation product of adenosine and phosphoric acid; a nucleotide found among the hydrolysis products of all nucleic acids. 3??????-Adenylic acid (adenosine 3??????-monophosphate) and 5??????-adenylic acid [adenosine 5??????-monophosphate (AMP)] differ in the place of attachment of the phosphoric acid to the d-ribose; deoxyadenylic acid differs in having H instead of OH at the 2?????? position of d-ribose

Tumor

Any swelling or tumefaction.
One of the four signs of inflammation (t., calor,
dolor, rubor) enunciated by Celsus

Lac

Any whitish, milklike liquid

Cell death

the cessation of respiration within the cell that stops the production of energy, nutrients, active molecular transport, and the like.

Nervous

Relating to a nerve or the nerves.
Easily excited or agitated; suffering from mental or
emotional instability; tense or anxious.
Formerly, denoting a temperament characterized by
excessive mental and physical alertness, rapid pulse, excitability, often
volubility, but not always fixity of purpose.

Progesterone

An antiestrogenic steroid, believed to be the active principle of the corpus luteum, isolated from the corpus luteum and placenta or synthetically prepared; used to correct abnormalities of the menstrual cycle, as a contraceptive, and to control habitual abortion

Lactiferous

Yielding milk.

Macula

A circumscribed flat area, up to 1 cm in diameter,
differing perceptibly in color from the surrounding tissue.
A small discolored patch or spot on the skin, neither
elevated above nor depressed below the skin’s surface.
The neuroepithelial sensory receptors of the utricle
and saccule of the vestibular labyrinth collectively

Dioxide

A molecule containing two atoms of oxygen, carbon dioxide, CO₂.

Connective tissue

the physical or functional supporting tissue of the animal body, a major constituent of which (in addition to various kinds of cells) is an extracellular matrix of ground substance, protein fibers, and structural glycoproteins; it is derived from the mesenchyme, which in turn is derived mainly from mesoderm; the many kinds of connective tissue may be classified according to cell-matrix proportion (loose vs. dense), arrangement of fibers (regular dense vs. irregular dense), fiber type (collagenous, elastic), embedded cell type (adipose, lymphoid, hemopoietic), degree of differentiation (mesenchymal, mucous), location (subcutaneous, periosteal, perichondrial), appearance (areolar, granulation), or nature of matrix (cartilaginous, osseous, or, in the cases of blood and lymph, liquid)

Sarcoma

A connective tissue neoplasm, usually highly malignant, formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells.